While there is a great deal of published data on cryogenic material properties, it is often difficult to find and not in a form that is convenient to use. Handbook of liquefied natural gas, mokhatab, saeid, mak. John morgan is based in denver, colorado, and is the chairman emeritus of petroskillsjohn m. Assessment of trends in liquefied natural gas markets. Physical properties modulus of elasticity, psi x 106 29. Unlike 2016, the increases in world trade occurred without new major entrants to the world lng market.
This report describes the properties of lng, the history and reliability of lng operations, and concludes with a discussion of lng industry standards, best practices, and regulatory supervision. Liquefied natural gas lng is natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease. Lng, which is predominantly methane, is an odourless, nontoxic and noncorrosive. This will enable them to be industry ready to contribute. Liquefied natural gas, or l ng, is natural gas that has been cooled to minus 160 c minus 260 f at atmospheric pressure and reduced to a liquid state that is 1600th its original volume. And, like methane, lng is odorless, colorless, noncorrosive, and nontoxic. Department of energy to submit a report to congress addressing several key liquefied natural gas lng research priorities. Note that there is no guarantee that the combustion properties at your location will be exactly as shown. The standard covers almost all lng characteristics that you need to know, such as properties of lng, evaporation of lng, spillage, ignition, containment, and other physical phenomena. When lng is received at most terminals, it is transferred to insulated storage tanks that are built to specifically hold lng. Lng properties liquefied natural gas, or l ng, is natural gas that has been cooled to minus 160 c minus 260 f.
Best practice policy guidelines for liquefied natural gas. These issues are identified in the february 2007 government accountability office report gao report 07316, public safety consequences of a terrorist attack on a tanker carrying liquefied natural gas need clarification. Lng properties and overview of hazards request pdf. Based on type segmentation it covers liquefaction terminals and regasification terminals. Before setting up the requirements for lng weldments the general mechanical properties of the austenitic steel and the main influences on the achieved test data have to be discussed.
This paper analyses lng properties of the world lng market and compares them with european pipeline gases. The restraining factors of small scale lng terminals market are as follows. Shell lng fuel can help reduce welltowake ghg emissions by up to 20%, compared to high sulphur fuel oil. Pdf a group of european gas transportation companies within the. These tanks can be found above or below ground and keep the liquid at a low temperature to minimize the amount of evaporation. Physical properties of lng and comparison with european pipeline gases main author a. Liquefied natural gas lng is natural gas that has been converted liquefied for ease of storage or transport. Compressed natural gas cng is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline petrol, diesel, or propane fuel. Handbook of liquefied natural gas kindle edition by mokhatab, saeid, mak, john y.
Lpg at atmospheric pressure and temperature is a gas which is 1. He has published extensively on sour gas treating, sulfur recovery, co2 treating, materials of construction, lng training, and cryogenic gas processing. Natural gas specs sheet fuel providers and their large volume customers particularly electric utilities and possibly other end users are used to defining fuel requirements in the form of spec sheets. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels.
Liquefied petroleum gas 2 product reference manual section 5 liquefied petroleum gas afrox is the leading supplier of liquefied petroleum gas lpg in subsaharan africa and pioneered the lpg industry in south africa under the brand name handigas in the early 1950s, which is still the leading brand name in lpg today. He has over 50 years experience in the design, startup, and troubleshooting of oil and gas facilities. Lng at the crossroads identifying key drivers and questions for an industry in flux 3 by cooling the gas from room temperature to roughly 260 degrees fahrenheit below zero, it takes up only one six hundredth of its original volume, making shipping as technically feasible, albeit more expensive, as shipping crude oil or refined products. Estimation of thermodynamic properties of petroleum fractions to supplement the aspen simulator by steven e. Feb 01, 2018 this is an lng properties demonstration of the basic characteristics. The us department of energy recently published a handbook authored by a number of african. Free chlorine total residual oxidant in estuarinemarine water. Properties and hazards of lng lng is composed mostly of methane. Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas general characteristics of liquefied natural gas. Lng itself poses little danger as long as it is contained within storage tanks, piping, and equipment designed for use at lng cryogenic conditions. Pdf role of liquefied natural gas lng will increase in the next years in the global natural gas market.
Neither has been updated since 1977 and are currently out of print. Physical and chemical properties product information the following information is for the noninert components of this mixture. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading handbook of liquefied natural gas. A comparison of hydrogen and propane fuels deflagration and detonation during combustion, flames can propagate through a flammable fuelair mixture as either a deflagration or a detonation, depending on a complex interaction among factors such as the composition of the gas mixture, the ignition source and energy, the geometry. Liquefied petroleum gas 2 product reference manual section 5 liquefied petroleum gas afrox is the leading supplier of liquefied petroleum gas lpg in subsaharan africa and pioneered the lpg industry in south africa under the brand name handigas in the early 1950s, which is. In particular, the fuel and the oxygen have to be in a specific range of proportions to form a flammable mixture. Most of the bonds involved in natural gas components are single covalent bonds.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Lng vehicles require larger fuel tanks, because 1 gallon of lng provides only 60% of the energy generated by one gallon of diesel. Lng is natural gas cooled down to condensate at 161 o c 258 o f natural gas consists primarily of methane. In french, spanish, portuguese, or italian speaking countries, the abbreviation gnl is used in place of lng.
Liquefied natural gas lng is the liquid form of the same natural gas millions of people use in their homes for heating, cooking and for generating electricity from gasfired power stations. The water vapour content of natural gas in the union gas system is less than 80 mgm3, and is typically 16 to 32 mgm3. The small scale lng terminals market is segmented on the lines of its type and regional. Americas opportunity and advantage november 2016 page 2 lng, or liquefied natural gas, is a clear, odorless, noncorrosive, nontoxic liquid that is formed when natural gas is cooled to around 260 f. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. Best practice policy guidelines for liquefied natural gas geneva, palace of nations meeting of unece group of experts on gas. The handbook of liquefied natural gas is a timely book as the industry is currently developing new large sources of supply and the technologies have evolved in recent years to enable offshore. Several factors are required to start a fire from lng vapours. A sampling of short video vignettes demonstrating the physical properties of. These are enforced and maintained through numerous standards, codes and regulatory supervision, which support safe and reliable lng operations. Please complete and submit the form below to receive the handbook 7,5 mb pdf free ofcharge by return email.
Methane has a very low density and is therefore costly to transport and store. Net imports of lng are expected to increase from 0. Handbook of liquefied natural gas, mokhatab, saeid, mak, john. Lng development is a key element of the groups strategy, and total is strengthening its lng portfolio investing in most major production zones. Lng liquefied natural gas methane lng, or liquefied natural gas, is simply natural gas in a liquid form. Lng the sulphur content of lng is well below the regula tory limit, and its clean burning properties make it an appealing choice.
In practice, though, the cost of refit, manufacture, transport, and storage both on shore and onboard rule it out as a viable option for most opera tors. Other exposure guidelines vacated limits revoked by the court of appeals decision in aflcio v. B the elevated temperature properties of alloy ca6nm, g. What is lng lng means liquefied natural gas it is colorless and odorless it has a temperature of 161 degree celsius it is at atmospheric pressure density of lng 0. Pdf calculation models for prediction of liquefied natural gas. The lng industry uses advanced lng safety technologies and procedures. Lng at the crossroads identifying key drivers and questions. Impurities and heavy hydrocarbons from the gaseous fossil fuel are removed before the cooling process. Table a1 molar mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properties table a2 idealgas specific heats of various common gases table a3 properties of common liquids, solids, and foods table a4 saturated watertemperature table table a5 saturated waterpressure table table a6 superheated water table a7 compressed liquid water table a8 saturated icewater vapor. The ehs guidelines for liquefied natural gas lng facilities include.
Steel castings handbook supplement 8 high alloy data sheets corrosion series steel founders society of america 2004. Bonds the attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds are called chemical bonds. Impurities and heavy hydrocarbons from the gaseous fossil. A reference guide for cryogenic properties of materials. Liquefied natural gas lng is a cryogenic liquid derived from natural gas by processing. When exposed to atmospheric temperatures and pressure, it vaporizes to about 600 times its liquid volume. Lng at the crossroads identifying key drivers and questions for an industry in flux 1 the volume of liquefied natural gas lng traded globally has quadrupled in the last two decades and is. Liquefied natural gas, material safety data sheet, revision date, page 4 11 immediately dangerous to life or health. Lng liquefied natural gas is natural gas that has been liquefied for transport and storage.
Total today is one of the worlds leading players in the lng sector with sound and diversified positions across the entire lng value chain. The density of the liquid is approximately half that of water and ranges from 0. Lng is transported by ships to unloading points on the storage terminals. Lng has the unique properties of being colorless, nontoxic, and noncorrosive. A tank or compartment is certified to be gasfree when its atmosphere has. Using lng and natural gas to fuel vehicles reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 3040 percent and also saves vehicle maintenance costs. The study of the formation of hydrate is also crucial for the transportation and storage of natural gas as hydrates which is the focus of this paper. If there is an ignition source, the evaporating gas at the edges of the stream will burn in a process known as a. Physical properties and composition of lng natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons which, when liquefied, form a clear colourless and odourless liquid.
Lng allows more energy to be stored onboard a vehicle in a smaller volume. This shrinks the volume by about 600 times, making the resource easier to. This is a free online database listing more than 500,000 papers, books, laboratory reports and preprints associated with high energy physics. Properties of lng extremely low temperatureminus 260 minus 162 lng will float on water weight is about 29 pounds per cubic foot slightly less than half that of water odorless and colorlesslng looks like boiling water. An introduction to shell lng for transport didier daems. Operators sigtto, deals with the safe handling of bulk liquid gases lng. A comparison of hydrogen and propane fuels brochure. Lng properties liquefied natural gas, or l ng, is natural gas that. Your inquiries will be routed to correct person or registered for further followup. Assessment of trends in liquefied natural gas markets 2. Liquefied natural gas, material safety data sheet, revision date, page 5 11. Properties and reliability is the final report in a series of three that discuss liquefied natural gas lng. One more important attribute of lng had now been exploited. Replacement of high sulphur bunker fuel with sulphur free lng is required on major scale.
The following information is for the inert components that may be. It is odorless, colorless, nontoxic and noncorrosive. Steel castings handbook supplement 8 high alloy data sheets. Properties of cryogenic materials are not an emphasis of this database. The us department of energy recently published a handbook authored by a number of african contributors amongst others, which focuses on the benefits african countries can derive from the development of liquid natural gas lng resources on the continent. Sep 21, 2017 difference between lpg and lng lpg liquefied petroleum gas also called autogas. This process reduces its volume by a factor of more than 600similar to reducing the natural gas filling a beach ball into liquid filling a pingpong ball figure 3. Difference between lpg and lng lpg liquefied petroleum gas also called autogas. Basic properties of lng giignls technical study group has overseen the development of this information series of seven papers to provide factual information about liquefied natural gas lng. Sund thesis submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of the new jersey institute of technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the. Ignition source fire oxygen fuel this is known as the fire triangle figure 3.
Liquefied natural gas lng is natural gas predominantly methane, ch 4, with some mixture of ethane, c 2 h 6 that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of nonpressurized storage or transport. Understanding its typical properties november 10, 2016 december 18, 2018 rifka aisyah lng for those who starts working with lng, i recommend to read bs en 1160 installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas general characteristics of liquefied natural gas. However, vapours resulting from lng as a result of an uncontrolled. It is the same natural gas methane that millions of homeowners and businesses use every day. A better understanding of the hydrate formation and dissociation mechanism is. Steel castings handbook supplement 8 high alloy data. Understanding natural gas and lng options handbook. As for conventional lng projects, the lng sales can be done on free on board. The properties shown are an overall average on the union gas system. At the end of the loading, the liquid evaporates to fill the free volume of the ship. Lpg mostly propane c3h8 or butane c4h10, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. All this information, together with lng properties hhv, wi and ld. This is an lng properties demonstration of the basic characteristics. A sampling of short video vignettes demonstrating the physical properties of lng including what happens when lng is ignited.
The target is to analyse which lng qualities can be regasificated and fed. There are two major classes of bondsionic bonds and covalent bonds. Liquefied natural gas need clarification, found that the most likely public safety impact of an lng spill is the heat hazard of a fire, but disagreed with the specific heat hazard of a fire and cascading damage failure conclusion, which is used by the coast guard to prepare. The database permits searches by keyword, title, author and year among others. Giignl lng custody transfer handbook fifth edition version 5. It takes up about 1600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.